Tradução de Sobre a Natureza Humana, um texto em dialeto dórico transmitido unicamente por Estobeu (Eclogarum, I. 49.27) e atribuído a Aesara de Lucânia, pitagórico.

The fear that the border municipalities would be overwhelmed by the larger entity of the central city of Ghent was countered by a number of accompanying measures such as the stimulation of organised activities, the offering of opportunities for participation, and the provision of decentralised services. The equitable representation of the sub-municipalities in the new administrative organs and the opportunities for contact that derived therefrom reassured the residents of the outskirts. The effortwas made with the reorganisation of the municipal apparatus (...) to achieve a balance between external decentralisation and internal centralisation. In spite of an increasingly difficult financial situation, Ghent has succeeded 'up till now in maintaining a balanced budget. The amalgamation certainly had a negative impact in this regard, probably primarily because of the increased personnel costs. The amalgamation of the Ghent agglomeration can, however, be considered a success. The preparatory time for such a profound reorganisation was too brief, however. An adequate administrative model, rationalisation of the financial situation, application of the municipal law, and implementation of modern working methods are factors that loom large for the optimisation of the developmental chances of an amalgamated large city. (shrink)

Malebranche's conception of imagination is often thought to be entirely contained in Book II of La Recherche de la vérité, which aims at destroying the beliefs and false theories resulting from the untempered use of that faculty. And yet Malebranche shows, in Book VI of the same work, that imagination has an essential function in the construction of science, particularly when it comes to producing geometrical models for phenomena; and it is, from the point of view of cognition, a singular (...) cunning of reason which associates the presence of corporeal affects in the mind, and ideas, which enlighten it without touching it. This conception rests upon unacknowledged quotations from the Regulae ad directionem ingenii, which Malebranche must have had at hand while working on the Recherche. At stake is, for us, the precise understanding of the relation between mathematics and imagination, first in the Regulae and then in the Recherche, in the general context of the project of a universal science or mathesis universalis. (shrink)

Cet article montre comment la non-élaboration du processus d’adolescence peut se faire sentir chez l’adulte, surtout quand il devient parent et que son enfant devient adolescent. À partir des notes prises juste après chaque séance dans un cadre de soins, l’auteur retrace ici la cure-type d’un homme d’une quarantaine d’années, dont l’adolescence du fils réveille des traumas en lien avec sa relation à son propre père violent, jusqu’alors impensés. La cure permet une transformation des traumas et une reprise du conflit (...) œdipien et favorise une évolution qui peut se résumer par un assouplissement de l’imago paternelle allant de pair avec une position de père plus assurée et des liens père-fils plus consistants. (shrink)

Retomando alguns dos principais estudos sobre o conhecimento intuitivo do não existente em Guilherme de Ockham, pretendemos mostrar tanto alguns equívocos do que ficou estabelecido como a atual interpretação do problema, como também oferecer uma nova análise que enfatiza os vínculos entre os conceitos de evidência e de causalidade na argumentação ockhamiana. Fundamentando nossa exposição, estará a análise de pequenos trechos dos textos de alguns dos principais debatedores e intérpretes medievais do texto ockhamiano quanto a esse tema, como Walter Chatton, (...) Adão de Wodeham e Gabriel Biel, os quais nos pareceram essenciais para uma boa compreensão da própria posição ockhamiana. (shrink)

Given many meanings that the school has adopted for each person, we have found the need to provide some reflections on the subject, supported in a philosophical perspective, in order to enlarge the debate on the values of the school for teachers and students, especially. This brief paper aims to make a cut about the value that the figure of the object "school" has adopted for teachers and students. We refer to the school, involving only the institutions of the levels (...) from elementary to secondary school, not including the institutes or other levels. The work has as scientific foundations philosophical contributions of authors like Herbart, Wittgenstein, MacIntyre, Deleuze, Aristotle, Dewey, Foucault, and orientations coming from the linguistics of Saussure, which supports us in the understanding and management of language. (shrink)

This paper examines the understanding of a group of teachers about imagination and creation in their pedagogical activities. The three basic concepts — imagination, creation, and understanding— are studied in the light of Historical-Cultural Theory, with an emphasis on Vygotsky, Volóshinov, and Bakhtin. The research was conducted in one of the schools that are part of a collaborative partnership project with the university. The analysis of a conversation circle, mediated by the dialog-understanding relationship, was employed as the unit of analysis (...) to elucidate the teaching collective as a construct resulting from shared meanings. This construct expresses the culture and ideology of the teachers and the school in which they work. In their daily lives, teachers engage in imaginative and creative activities that allow them to move temporally and spatially through historical and other people's experiences. These experiences are drawn from their personal and professional lives, which are shaped by their relationships and interactions with their students. This dynamic drives them to act and resist the reproduction of existing practices, motivating them to take ownership of their work. We posit that teachers seek to integrate imagination into their teaching activities, aiming to create a space for hope and resistance! (shrink)

La Inteligencia Artificial tiene implicaciones significativas para los derechos humanos, tanto en términos de desafíos como de oportunidades. Por eso los derechos están presentes en las declaraciones y propuestas sobre su regulación. Sin embargo, esta presencia tiene que enfrentarse a algunos problemas. Uno de ellos es el de la determinación de qué significa el enfoque de derechos humanos. Este trabajo pretende dar luz sobre esta cuestión.

De Brabantse humanist Justus Lipsius (1547-1606) verwierf in zijn eigen tijd naam en faam met zijn filologische en antiquarische studies, en meer nog met zijn filosofische en politieke werken.

Objective of the study: To analyze the costs and profits of sugarcane production regarding the cultural practices of sugarcane suppliers. Methodology/approach: This study positions itself in this gap by comparatively analyzing 6 types of cultural practices: unraveling, windrowing, application of correctives, herbicides, insecticides and fertilizers, with the option of two systems Fixed rate (TF) and Variable rate (TV). Originality/Relevance: Brazil is a world reference in sugarcane production, with the State of São Paulo being the largest Brazilian producer. However, for sugarcane (...) suppliers to maintain this activity there is a need to reduce production costs and increase profitability/ha. However, there is a theoretical-practical gap in the financial assessment (costs and profits) of different cultural practices inherent to sugarcane production. Main results: The results demonstrated that the costs of cultural practices represent more than 30% of the total sugarcane production costs. The TF system proved to be more cost-efficient in the following operations: correctives, herbicides and insecticides. In the application of fertilizers, the TV system, in broadcast mode, had the best result. Finally, the profit/ton was R$1.70, demonstrating a very low profit margin/ha given the risk of the activity. Theoretical/methodological contributions: The sample for this research comprised 55 sugarcane suppliers from the State of São Paulo, whose data were obtained through a survey. The comparative analysis was based on the difference in costs of cultural practices and the estimation of the level of certainty (profit/costs), analyzed through the cumulative frequency carried out through the Monte Carlo Simulation (SMC). (shrink)

Brazilian writer Carolina Maria de Jesus (1914–1977) was born in a rural community and spent most of her life in a slum. Despite this, her literary work achieved remarkable editorial success, having its value recognized by critics and academic circles. This paper analyzes Carolina Maria de Jesus’s autobiographical narratives in the light of John Dewey’s aesthetic theory, with the purpose of investigating the factors responsible for the development of her aesthetic sensitivity – intellectual and emotional dispositions favorable to involvement with (...) artistic practices. The results suggest that Carolina Maria de Jesus’s literary skills, which express not only individual but also collective yearnings, resulted from the incentive she received to think about things that do not exist and from her relationship with people who favored the formation of a personality open to varied experiences. Such results are presented as requirements for a democratic and humanist education that aims at the flowering of aesthetic sensitivity and encourages educators and students to believe in their creative potential. (shrink)

Depuis 1820, l’intérêt de Maine de Biran pour la physiologie connaît un nouveau développement; c’est qu’il s’agit, maintenant qu’il a développé sa philosophie de l’absolu, d’harmoniser tous les domaines de son anthropologie. A cet effet, il s’appuie sur d’anciens textes, mais le fait dans un esprit nouveau, stimulé qu’il est par l’aliéniste Royer-Collard, pour qui il écrit les Nouvelles considérations sur les rapports du physique et du moral de l’homme, et par la lecture de physiologistes qu’il découvre alors, Reil, dont (...) l’analyse de la cœnesthèse l’intéresse beaucoup, Bérard, dont l’ouvrage, Doctrine des rapports du physique et du moral suscite la rédaction des Considérations sur les principes d’une division des faits psychologiques et physiologiques, ainsi que Bertrand et Magendie.Ces deux textes sont accompagnés d’opuscules traitant de sujets de même nature, l’un particulièrement, discutant la notion d’âme sensitive chez Van Helmont. (shrink)

La publication de ce recueil de fragments et d'articles, écrits par Madame Marie-Madeleine de La Garanderie à des dates diverses au cours de quarante années d'études consacrées à l'humanisme parisien et essentiellement à l'oeuvre de Guillaume Budé, a pour but d'apporter un complément à sa grande thèse Christianisme et Lettres profanes, à laquelle il fait maintes fois référence.Ce volume constitue une véritable somme des recherches sur Guillaume Budé et son oeuvre, encore largement inexplorée.

La vida y obra de José Luis Aranguren siguen siendo válidas no sólo desde el punto de vista del pensamiento ético, sino también de la toma de conciencia del papel de los laicos en la Iglesia. La utilización por Aranguren de las ideas filosóficas de Zubiri para el estudio de la ética es una de las aportaciones más relevantes del pensamiento contemporáneo. A Aranguren hay que reconocerle la persistente relevancia que la Filosofía Moral tiene en nuestra tradición cultural.

Building on the recent scholarship of Bonnie Kent, Christian Trottmann, and especially L.M. de Rijk, this volume gathers together studies by other specialists on Odonis, covering his ideas in economics, logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural ...

Los capítulos de este libro se ocupan, desde diferentes disciplinas, de la escritura y diversas manifestaciones artísticas y culturales que están al servicio o en contra del poder. Se analizan en él estrategias y mecanismos que sirven para aglutinar o segregar voluntades, imponer visiones, generar fisuras y presentar dilemas ideológicos.

Nuestra hipótesis consiste en considerar la alegría como fruto del dinamismo interpersonal entre Dios y el hombre bajo la figura de la nupcialidad, cuyas notas de reciprocidad, exclusividad, intimidad y fecundidad especifican esta dimensión particular de vida teologal. Al desplegarse en la historia, la nupcialidad adquiere una tensión escatológica pues el diálogo amante de libertades intensifica la presencia recíproca de Dios y el hombre hasta desembocar en una radicalidad que puede conducir al martirio. Tales fueron los casos de dos místicos (...) y mártires contemporáneos, Christophe Lebreton y Edith Stein, cuyos textos testimonian que la alegría se manifiesta como un fruto visible de la entrega definitiva de sus cuerpos. Our hypothesis is to consider joy as a result of the interpersonal dynamics between God and man under the figure of marriage, whose traits of reciprocity, exclusivity, intimacy and fecundity give a distinctive specifity to this particular dimension of theological life. As it unfolds in history, nuptiality develops an eschatological tension, as the loving dialogue of freedoms intensifies God and man's mutual presence, leading to a radicality which can usher into martyrdom. Such were the cases of two contemporary mystics and martyrs, Christophe Lebreton and Edith Stein, whose texts testify that joy is manifested as a visible fruit of the final offering of their bodies. (shrink)

O presente artigo procura extrair a contribuição para o Ensino de Ciências das reflexões e discussões sobre o conceito de mente. O texto evidencia como os processos mentais podem contribuir para se pensar uma epistemologia do Ensino de Ciências. Ao fazer a articulação entre os processos mentais discutido, avalia-se a possibilidade de uma Didática centrada nos processos cognitivos que ultrapassam formas tradicionais de pensar as Ciências da Educação. Conclui que o conceito de mente é insuficiente para sustentar uma epistemologia do (...) ensino, mas desenha um modelo de conhecimento que supera os limites da pedagogia construtivista.En este artículo se tratará de extraer la contribución a la enseñanza de la ciencia de las reflexiones y debates sobre el concepto de la mente. El texto muestra cómo los procesos mentales pueden ser útiles para pensar en una epistemología de la Enseñanza de las Ciencias. Al hacer el vínculo entre los procesos mentales se traten, evaluar la posibilidad de un plan de estudios se centró en los procesos cognitivos que van más allá de las formas tradicionales de pensar en Ciencias de la Educación. Concluye que el concepto de la mente es insuficiente para sostener una epistemología de la enseñanza, si bien hace un modelo de conocimiento que supera las limitaciones de la pedagogía constructivista. (shrink)

Este artigo busca identificar e discutir a relevância da escrita de foro íntimo para a exposição biográfica de Hannah Arendt na elaboração da obra Rahel Varnhagen: a vida de uma judia alemã na época do Romantismo. Também propõe um olhar sobre a escrita epistolar e suas particularidades como documento, instrumento de comunicação e como legado, no sentido de pensar o seu uso como fonte e objeto de estudo, bem como demonstrar as relações de poder que envolvem a sua produção e (...) preservação. Para tanto, foi realizada uma leitura da obra em questão atenta às citações e às discussões feitas por Arendt relativas à escrita de foro íntimo, em especial, à escrita epistolar, de modo a compreender o uso que a autora fez dessa tipologia de texto, no processo de compreensão e descrição da vida de Rahel, “como ela própria poderia ter feito”. (shrink)

Entre os anos 1920 e 1940, aproximadamente, Sidney Hook, filósofo universitário e ativista político norte-americano, procurou desenvolver e aplicar uma leitura pragmatista e revolucionária das concepções de Marx, sob a influência do “instrumentalismo” de John Dewey, defendendo a ideia de uma coincidência essencial e de uma complementaridade – digamos, compensatório – entre as duas linhas de pensamento. O artigo trata de apresentar tal projeto filosófico hookiano, com referências histórico-biográficas, desde seus primeiros ensaios até o ápice de sua realização, passando pelas (...) polêmicas envolvidas e, finalmente, chegando ao seu gradual e – quase – completo abandono. Trata-se de uma narrativa que acompanha pari passu os desenvolvimentos da própria esquerda norte-americana no período e os cruzamentos, com ela, do pensamento e da atividade do próprio Dewey. (shrink)

En el presente ensayo se buscará exponer, a través de una problematización histórica, la radical novedad filosófica que representa la teoría freudiana de la constitución de la autoconsciencia moral a partir de la introyección de la ley paterna. Para esto, se mostrarán, en primer lugar, los hitos históricamente relevantes que permitieron instalar una reflexión sobre la interioridad moral en la filosofía agustiniana, contraponiéndola con el pensamiento helénico clásico. Posteriormente, se expondrá la hipótesis nietzscheana sobre la aparición de la moralidad como (...) una estrategia de poder dentro de la tradición judeo-cristiana para, por un lado, mostrar sus insuficiencias y, por el otro, dar paso a la teoría freudiana de la formación de la consciencia moral como un proceso identificatorio con respecto a la figura del padre, lo que permite explicar el fenómeno de la autocrítica moral como un tipo particular de autodistanciamiento con respecto a sí. (shrink)

El _Gorgias_ ofrece un arduo debate sobre la persuasión. Una de las tesis suscritas por Sócrates es que existen dos formas de persuasión: una que produce mera creencia –πειθὼ πιστευτική– y otra, muy distinta, que instruye –πειθὼ διδασκαλική–. Este artículo pretende, por una parte, relacionar estas dos formas de persuasión con la retórica tradicional y la actividad filosófica, respectivamente, y, por otra, analizar a partir de estas dos formas de persuasión el mito conclusivo del Gorgias, en el que Sócrates habla (...) acerca del destino del alma en el más allá. La conclusión es que el contenido del mito final es coherente con las tesis razonadas ofrecidas por Sócrates durante la parte dialogada y que, mediante el empleo del mito, Platón problematiza los límites de la enseñanza filosófica. (shrink)

Les textes que nous reproduisons dans ce volume ont été rédigés entre 1792 et 1798. Ce sont les premiers écrits philosophiques de Maine de Biran, jalonnant une pensée qui se forme peu à peu, avant d’aboutir à un premier résultat, le mémoire intitulé Influence de l’habitude sur la faculté de penser, dont la rédaction commence vers la fin 1799, le sujet ayant été mis au concours le 6 octobre par l’Institut. Tous les textes regroupés dans ce volume appartiennent à cette (...) période de formation, qui doit beaucoup aux événements de la Révolution. Sont ici présentes quatre périodes : 1792, 1793-1795, 1797 et 1798, entre lesquelles, d’ailleurs, on ne peut discerner aucune différence doctrinale marquante, aucune évolution significative dans la pensée, sinon, parfois, un déplacement des centres d’intérêts. (shrink)

The secure way of Philosophy. In the Prologue to the first Critique Kant gives some notes to recognize if a science goes his own secure way. The author discusses if Philosophy is able to follow the science’s way, or if —in doing so— goes against its own nature.